Know your bracket, how key tax ideas work, what records to keep and basic steps to shrink your tax bill.
Updated Jan 16, 2024 · 6 min read Written by Sabrina Parys Assistant Assigning Editor Sabrina Parys
Assistant Assigning Editor | Taxes, Investing
Sabrina Parys is an assistant assigning editor on the taxes and investing team at NerdWallet, where she manages and writes content on personal income taxes. Her previous experience includes five years as a copy editor and associate editor in academic and educational publishing. She is based in Brooklyn, New York.
Lead Assigning Editor Chris HutchisonChris Hutchison helped build NerdWallet's content operation and has worked across banking, investing and taxes. He now leads a team exploring new markets. Before joining NerdWallet, he was an editor and programmer at ESPN and a copy editor at the San Jose Mercury News.
Fact Checked Co-written by Tina Orem Assistant Assigning Editor Tina Orem
Assistant Assigning Editor | Taxes, small business, Social Security and estate planning, home services
Tina Orem is an editor at NerdWallet. Prior to becoming an editor, she covered small business and taxes at NerdWallet. She has been a financial writer and editor for over 15 years, and she has a degree in finance, as well as a master's degree in journalism and a Master of Business Administration. Previously, she was a financial analyst and director of finance for several public and private companies. Tina's work has appeared in a variety of local and national media outlets.
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Tax planning is the analysis and arrangement of a person's financial situation to maximize tax breaks and minimize tax liabilities in a legal and an efficient manner.
Tax rules can be complicated, but taking some time to know and use them for your benefit can change how much you end up paying (or getting back) when you file on tax day .
Here are some key tax planning and tax strategy concepts to understand before you make your next money move.
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You can’t really plan for the future if you don’t know where you are today. So the first tax planning tip is to figure out what federal tax bracket you’re in.
The United States has a progressive tax system. That means people with higher taxable incomes are subject to higher tax rates, while people with lower taxable incomes are subject to lower tax rates. There are seven federal income tax brackets: 10%, 12%, 22%, 24%, 32%, 35% and 37%.
No matter which bracket you’re in, you probably won’t pay that rate on your entire income. There are two reasons:
You get to subtract tax deductions to determine your taxable income (that’s why your taxable income usually isn’t the same as your salary or total income).
You don’t just multiply your tax bracket by your taxable income. Instead, the government divides your taxable income into chunks and then taxes each chunk at the corresponding rate.
Example: Let’s say you’re a single filer with $32,000 in taxable income. That puts you in the 12% tax bracket for the 2023 tax year (taxes filed in 2024). But do you pay 12% on all $32,000? No. Actually, you pay only 10% on the first $11,000; you pay 12% on the rest.
Tax deductions and tax credits may be the best part of preparing your tax return. Both reduce your tax bill but in very different ways. Knowing the difference can create some very effective tax strategies that reduce your tax bill.
Tax deductions are specific expenses you’ve incurred that you can subtract from your taxable income. They reduce how much of your income is subject to taxes.
Tax credits are even better — they give you a dollar-for-dollar reduction in your tax bill. For instance, a tax credit valued at $1,000 lowers your tax bill by $1,000.
$10,000 tax deduction
$10,000 tax credit
Deciding whether to itemize or take the standard deduction is a big part of tax planning because the choice can make a huge difference in your tax bill.
Basically, it’s a flat-dollar, no-questions-asked tax deduction. Taking the standard deduction makes tax prep go a lot faster, which is probably a big reason why many taxpayers do it instead of itemizing.
Congress sets the amount of the standard deduction, and it’s typically adjusted every year for inflation. The standard deduction that you qualify for depends on your filing status , as the table below shows.
Standard deduction 2023
Standard deduction 2024
Married, filing jointly
Married, filing separately
Head of household
Instead of taking the standard deduction, you can itemize your tax return, which means taking all the individual tax deductions that you qualify for, one by one.
Generally, people itemize if their itemized deductions add up to more than the standard deduction. A key part of their tax planning is to track their deductions through the year.
The drawback to itemizing is that it takes longer to do your taxes, and you have to be able to prove you qualified for your deductions.
You use IRS Schedule A to claim your itemized deductions.Some tax strategies may make itemizing especially attractive. For example, if you own a home, your itemized deductions for mortgage interest and property taxes may easily add up to more than the standard deduction. That could save you money.
You might be able to itemize on your state tax return even if you take the standard deduction on your federal return.
The good news: Tax software or a good tax preparer can help you figure out which deductions you’re eligible for and whether they add up to more than the standard deduction.
Hundreds of possible deductions and credits are available, and there are rules about who’s allowed to take them. Here are some big ones (click on the links to learn more).
What it’s generally for
Costs of adopting a child.
College education costs.
Losses on stock sales (to offset capital gains).
Giving money, cars, art, investments, household items or other things to charity.
Day care and similar costs.
Being a parent or caretaker with an eligible dependent.
For people or their spouses who retired on permanent and total disability.
Money for people below certain adjusted gross incomes.
Tax credit for people who purchase qualifying hybrid and electric vehicles.
A portion of your mortgage or rent; property taxes; utilities, repairs and maintenance; and similar expenses if you work from home.
Undergraduate, graduate or even non-degree courses at accredited institutions.
Unreimbursed medical costs over a certain threshold.
The interest portion of mortgage payments on a primary home.
Installing things that make a home energy-efficient.
Contributions to an IRA for people with incomes below certain thresholds.
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Keeping tax returns and the documents you used to complete them is critical if you’re ever audited . Typically, the IRS has three years to decide whether to audit your return, so keep your records for at least that long. You also should hang on to tax records for three years if you file a claim for a credit or refund after you've filed your original return.
Keep records longer in certain cases — if any of these circumstances apply, the IRS has a longer limit on auditing you:
Six years: If you underreported your income by more than 25%. Seven years: If you wrote off the loss from a “worthless security.” Indefinitely: If you committed tax fraud or you didn’t file a tax return. Bank statements. Brokerage statements. Alimony received. Alimony paid. Statements from charities. Gambling losses. Closing statements. Purchase and sales invoices. Insurance records. Form 5498 (IRA contributions). Form 8606 (nondeductible IRA contributions). 401(k) statements. Distribution records. Annual statements. Transaction data (including individual purchase or sale receipts). Annual statements.A W-4 tells your employer how much tax to withhold from your paycheck. Your employer remits that tax to the IRS on your behalf.
Here's how to use the W-4 for tax planning.
If you got a huge tax bill when you filed and don’t want to relive that pain, you may want to increase your withholding. That could help you owe less (or nothing) next time you file.
If you got a huge refund last year and would rather have that money in your paycheck throughout the year, do the opposite and reduce your withholding.
You probably filled out a W-4 when you started your job, but you can change your W-4 at any time. Just download it from the IRS website, fill it out and give it to your human resources or payroll team at work. You may also be able to adjust your W-4 directly through your employment portal if you have one.
Deductions and credits are a great way to cut your tax bill, but there are other tax planning strategies that can help with tax planning. Here are some popular strategies.
Your employer might offer a 401(k) savings and investing plan that gives you a tax break on money you set aside for retirement.
The IRS doesn’t tax what you divert directly from your paycheck into a 401(k). In 2024, you can funnel up to $23,000 per year into an account. If you’re 50 or older, you can contribute up to $30,500.
While these retirement accounts are usually sponsored by employers, self-employed people can open their own 401(k)s .
If your employer matches some or all of your contribution, you’ll get free money to boot.Outside of an employer-sponsored plan, there are two major types of individual retirement accounts : Roth IRAs and traditional IRAs.
You have until the tax deadline to fund your IRA for the previous tax year, which gives you extra time to do some tax planning and take advantage of this strategy.
The tax advantage of a traditional IRA is that your contributions may be tax-deductible. How much you can deduct depends on whether you or your spouse is covered by a retirement plan at work and how much you make. You pay taxes when you take distributions in retirement (or if you make withdrawals prior to retirement).
The tax advantage of a Roth IRA is that your withdrawals in retirement are not taxed. You pay the taxes upfront; your contributions are not tax-deductible.
Earnings on your investments grow tax-free in a Roth and tax-deferred in a traditional IRA.This table illustrates these accounts in action.
Roth IRA vs. traditional IRA$6,500 in 2023 ($7,500 if age 50 or older). $7,000 in 2024 ($8,000 if age 50 or older).
$6,500 in 2023 ($7,500 if age 50 or older). $7,000 in 2024 ($8,000 if age 50 or older).
Qualified withdrawals in retirement are tax-free. Contributions can be withdrawn at any time. If deductible, contributions reduce taxable income in the year they are made. No immediate tax benefit for contributing. Ability to contribute is phased out at higher incomes. Deductions may be phased out. Distributions in retirement are taxed as ordinary income.Early withdrawal rules
Contributions can be withdrawn at any time, tax- and penalty-free.Unless you meet an exception, early withdrawals of earnings may be subject to a 10% penalty and income taxes.
Unless you meet an exception, early withdrawals of contributions and earnings are taxed and subject to a 10% penalty.
» MORE: How to find the right kind of IRA for you
These savings accounts, operated by most states and some educational institutions, help people save for college.
You can’t deduct contributions on your federal income taxes, but you might be able to on your state return if you’re putting money into your state’s 529 plan.
There may be gift-tax consequences if your contributions plus any other gifts to a particular beneficiary exceed $17,000 in 2023 or $18,000 in 2024.
If your employer offers a flexible spending account , take advantage of it to lower your tax bill. The IRS lets you funnel tax-free dollars directly from your paycheck into your FSA every year. In 2024, the limit is $3,200.
You’ll have to use the money during the calendar year for medical and dental expenses, but you can also use it for related everyday items such as bandages, sunscreen and glasses for yourself and your qualified dependents. You may lose what you don’t use, so take time to calculate your expected medical and dental expenses for the coming year.
Some employers might let you carry over up to $640 to the next year.This FSA with a twist is another handy way to reduce your tax bill — if your employer offers it.
The IRS will exclude up to $5,000 of your pay that you have your employer divert to a dependent care FSA account, which means you’ll avoid paying taxes on that money. That can be huge for parents, because before- and after-school care, day care, preschool and day camps are usually allowed uses. Elder care may be included, too.
What’s covered can vary among employers, so check out your plan’s documents.Health savings accounts are tax-exempt accounts you can use to pay medical expenses.
Contributions to HSAs are tax-deductible, and the withdrawals are tax-free, too, so long as you use them for qualified medical expenses.
If you have self-only high-deductible health coverage, you can contribute up to $4,150 in 2024. If you have family high-deductible coverage, you can contribute up to $8,300 in 2024. If you're 55 or older, you can put an extra $1,000 in your HSA.
Your employer may offer an HSA, but you can also start your own account at a bank or other financial institution.
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Sabrina Parys is a content management specialist on the taxes and investing team at NerdWallet, where she manages and writes content on personal income taxes. Her work has appeared in The Associated Press, The Washington Post and Yahoo Finance. See full bio.
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